Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2

Australian Legal Studies Student Tutorial Book Semester 2 2013 ? Australian Legal Studies Course Semester Two Tutorial Format 1 session of 1. 5 hours duration per week There is one tutorial session each week and each session will focus on topics from the previous weeks lecture. For example, in week 2 the tutorial will discuss topics covered in the lecture for week 1. The topics for each weeks lecture and the reading you are expected to do for that lecture are set out in the â€Å"Outline and Reading Guide†. As well as reading from the set textbooks you also need to read the additional readings and resource materials for each unit.These materials are located in the separate Legal Studies Supplementary Material booklet which accompanies this Tutorial Program. The questions which you will discuss or present in your tutorials are listed in this Tutorial Program. Before each tutorial you must complete the suggested reading for that week and then prepare formal, written answers to t he questions. You are expected to take an active part in these tutorials by discussing the topics and by raising questions. You will also be given regular writing and a team oral task to complete in tutorials and are expected to refer to decided cases in your answers.It is essential that you prepare for these tutorials by completing both the reading and writing tasks. This will ensure your success in the program. UNSW Foundation Studies 1 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Australian Legal Studies Course Outcomes Rationale Australian Legal Studies introduces students to the Australian constitutional and legal framework. It assumes no previous knowledge. The course examines some detail of the major topic areas that students can expect to encounter at undergraduate level.Students will gain a clear awareness of the important institutions and processes in the Australian and Global legal environment and be exposed to current political and legal issues. Content Outcomes At the end of the course successful students will have developed an: ? understanding of the origins and sources of Australian and International law ? understanding of comparative legal systems and the responses of domestic law to global challenges ? awareness of how cultural differences impact upon the legal system ? appreciation of the impact of law on everyday life and on business operations understanding of basic legal terminology and concepts ? ability to analyse legal cases and apply the law to a range of situations ? awareness of the complexity of legal issues in the global business environment and in the world of e-commerce ? awareness of a variety of dispute resolution processes in Australia and from a global perspective UNSW Foundation Studies 2 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Skills Outcomes At the end of the course successful students should be: ? competent in both oral and written English language communication skills required for successful undergraduate study proficient in using a range of commu nication technologies ? able to think critically and analyse problem solving questions in legal studies ? able to engage in independent and reflective learning ? proficient in locating and using information from a variety of sources ? able to work in groups and teams ? familiar with teaching and learning styles at Australian universities ? able to behave ethically and take responsibility for their own actions and educational outcomes ? effective at task and time management ? aware of different cultures and understand alternative viewpoints UNSW Foundation Studies 3ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Student Assessment in Australian Legal Studies Standard Program Assessment schedule Item Duration Weighting Semester 1 exam 1. 5 hours 30% Final exam (Sem. 2 topics only) 2. 5 hours 60% Tutorial Preparation & Participation Full year 10 % (2 x 5%) UNSW Foundation Studies 4 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Semester 1 Exam Weighting: 30% This assessment item examines all units from Semester One. Norma lly a semester examination consists of multiple choice items and short written responses similar to those asked as tutorial questions. The semester exam covers semester 1 units only. Final Exam Weighting: 60%This Examination covers all units from Semester Two. Normally the Final Examination consists of multiple choice questions, short written responses and longer essay answers. The final exam covers semester 2 units only. Tutorial Preparation/Participation Weighting: 10 %( 2x 5 % per semester) Marks are allocated according to a variety of criteria relating to students overall tutorial performance. Some of these criteria might include: ? the quality of written answers prepared for tutorials and quality of graded writing tasks; ? individual oral presentations on particular tutorial questions as nominated by the tutor; ? o-operation and willingness to participate in and at times lead discussion on particular tutorial questions as nominated by the tutor ? evidence of completion of the r equired and additional reading; ? punctuality and attendance UNSW Foundation Studies 5 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Australian Legal Studies Oral Presentation Student Feedback Sheet Student name / tutorial group: Grading Criteria Excellent Very Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Organisation Evidence of planning Content Relevant and accurate Quality Explanation of legal issues and concepts Discussion Facilitated and responded to class questions DeliveryConfidence, clarity, resources used Time Frame Kept within time limit 5-10 min Additional Comments by Tutor: Overall Grade: Date: Signature of Tutor: UNSW Foundation Studies 6 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Required Textbooks KEY TO REFERENCES Alderson P (2006) Legal Dictionary for Australians,2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Note: Students are expected to make ongoing use of their dictionary. Carvan, John (2010) Understanding the Australian Legal System 6th ed. Lawbook Co. Sydney Chew Charles YC (2008) Business Law Guidebook 1st ed Oxford Melbourne Australia Australian Legal Studies Supplementary Material RELEVANT http://www. eo. gov. au (Parliamentary Education office) http://www. aph. gov. au (Australian Parliament House) http://www. hcourt. gov. au (High Court of Australia) http://www. austlii. edu. au (Aust. Legal Information Institute) http://www. lawlink. nsw. gov. au (NSW Courts and Tribunals) http://www. ipaustralia. gov. au (Intellectual Property Australia) http://www. ahtcc. gov. au (Aust. High Tech. Crime Centre) http://www. acia. org. au (Aust. Centre International Commercial Arbitration) http://www. law. unsw. edu. au/centres/klc( Kingsford legal centre UNSW) http://www. comlaw. gov. au (Commercial law) http://www. business. ov. au ( Business Law) http://www. australiancontractlaw. com (contract aw) http://www. flyingsolo. com. au ( sole traders) UNSW Foundation Studies 7 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Semester 2 Outline and Reading Guide Unit Lecture topics Reading for Tutorials 1 Introduction to Commerci al Law Legal framework for the operation of a business Alternative business structures Obligations of business owners Chew ch 9 Carvan p. 194-198 SM Corporations Law Concept of legal personality and the corporate veil ( Salomon case) Advantages and disadvantages of Incorporation Role and responsibility of company directors (ASIC v Adler)Remedies for breach of duty 3 Negligence 1 Tort of negligence –Donoghue v Stevenson Duty of care-neighbour principle Standard of care – reasonable person test Causation – but for test Remoteness of damage 4 Chew ch. 8 Carvan ch. 8 SM Negligence 11 Liability for negligent misstatement and pure economic loss Liability of professional advisers Vicarious liability Defences-Contributory negligence Voluntary assumption of risk 5 Chew ch’s 10 &11 Carvan p. 194-198 SM Chew ch. 8 Carvan ch. 8 SM Contracts I Nature of contract law Elements of a contract Offer and acceptance Competition and Consumer Act UNSW Foundation Studies Chew c h. 2 Carvan ch. 7 SM ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 Unit Lecture topics 6 Reading for Tutorials Contracts II Intention to create legal relations Consideration Remedies for breach of contract 7 International Sales Contracts 1 Contracts and International Trade Vienna Convention of CISG How to negotiate and carry out an export contract 8 SM International Sales Contracts 11 Case Studies Choice of Law rules Proper Law Private International law 9 SM Resolving Business Disputes ADR methods used in commercial disputes Case Study-International business dispute 10 Chew ch. 7 Carvan p. 85-87 Intellectual Property LawIntellectual Property (IP) concepts IP protection- Aust. and International UGG boots case study 11 SM Carvan p. 201-204 E-Commerce and the Law Case Study- Gutnick v Dow Jones Legal Challenges for the future e. g. identity theft Contracting on-line Cybercrime- defamation, fraud, piracy. 12 13 Chew ch’s 3&4 Carvan ch. 7 SM & Chew ch. 7 SM Revision Revision units for Exams M. C. & essay writing skills Review of Sample Exams Sample Exam Booklet Final Exam UNSW Foundation Studies 9 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 1 Introduction to Commercial Law Week 2 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial.You should provide written definitions of these concepts. commercial law business entity sole trader partnership franchise company Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is the scope of commercial law? How do business and the law work together? (Give an example) 2. Mr. Lee wants to establish a construction business. He seeks your advice about different types of business structures. What are the alternative business structures he may consider? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following alternative business structures? ? Sole trader ? Partnerships ? Franchise . When establishing a business, what are some of the legal obligations of a business owner? Writing Task What is commercial l aw? Explain some of the legal obligations of the business owner when establishing and operating business. Student Presentation: Question 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 10 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 2 Corporations law Week 3 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. corporation corporate personality limited liability unlimited liability corporate veil fiduciary relationship shareholder irector perpetual succession Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation? 2. Discuss the legal principle of the corporate veil and in your answer refer to the case of Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd (1897) UK. 3. When would the court lift or ignore the corporate veil? (give examples in your answer) 4. Explain the duties of Mr. Lee as a director of Lee Constructions Ltd. What remedies could the court impose for a breach of these d uties? (In your answer refer to ASIC v Adler (2002) Writing Task What is the corporate veil?Explain the circumstances under which the corporate veil could be lifted. (In your answer refer to a decided case) Student Presentation: Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 11 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 3 Negligence 1 Week 4 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. tort negligence duty of care standard of care â€Å"reasonable (person) test† causation â€Å"but for test† remoteness of damage defence Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. Explain the elements of negligence. 2.Discuss the element of duty of care developed in the landmark case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Refer to Lord Atkin’s definition of â€Å"Who is my neighbour†? 3. Mr. Lee was having a business lunch at a hotel in Sydney with a client who bought him a can of beer. After drinking some of its contents, he found a fly in the can. When he saw it, he became quite ill. He decides to sue for compensation. The manufacturer claims that it does not owe the man any duty of care because it did not sell the drink to him. Instead the publican should be liable because he sold the can to him. (i) Identify the type of tort and relevant precedent case. (ii)If you were the judge, what decision would you make in this case? Explain the ratio of your decision. What are the possible civil defences? (iii) 4. Explain the element of breach of duty with reference to the following cases: Bolton v Stone and Paris v Stepney Borough Council Writing Task What is negligence? Explain briefly the elements which the plaintiff must prove to be successful in a negligence action. (In your answer refer to decided cases) Student Presentation: Question 3 UNSW Foundation Studies 12 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 4 Negligence 11 Week 5 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial.You should provide written definitions of these concepts. negligent misstatement pure economic loss contributory negligence voluntary assumption of risk vicarious liability Mr. Lee has, for many years, operated a construction business in Sydney. He decided to expand his business but realised that to do so he would need to borrow a significant amount of money. Mr. Lee went to his local branch of the Oright Bank to ask for a loan. He spoke to Barlow, the branch manager. The Oright Bank has an established practice of giving free financial advice to members of the public. Barlow advised Mr.Lee that the Oright Bank would not grant him a loan and that in any event Mr. Lee's best course of action would be to borrow Swiss francs from the Bank of Geneva. The Bank of Geneva was lending Swiss francs at a much lower rate than Mr. Lee would have to pay if he borrowed Australian dollars. Acting on this advice, Mr. Lee borrowed one hundred thousand Swiss francs from the Bank of Geneva. Soon after Mr. Lee took out his loan the Australian dollar fell heavily against the Swiss franc. As a result of that fall, Mr. Lee must now repay, in dollar terms, twice as much as his original loan. Mr.Lee now claims that Barlow was negligent in not warning him of the risks of currency fluctuation and in not advising him to take out insurance to protect himself from those risks. He wishes to take legal action against the Oright Bank to recover his loss. Write a report to advise Mr. Lee of his chances of success based on the tort of negligence. (In your answer refer to decided cases such as Hedley Byrne, Shaddock, Esanda. ) You will need to consider these issues: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Is the Oright Bank liable for damage caused by Barlow's negligence? Did Mr. Lee suffer pure economic loss? Does the Oright Bank owe Mr.Lee a duty of care? If so, has the Bank breached its duty? If so, did the bank's breach cause Mr. Lee’s loss? Is Mr. Lee’s loss too re mote? What are possible defences which the Oright bank can argue? Writing Task (Mandatory): Connie case (provided by tutor) Student Presentation: None UNSW Foundation Studies 13 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 5 Contracts 1 Week 6 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. offer acceptance agreement contract invitation to treat breach Competition and Consumer Act 2010Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. Identify and discuss the essential elements of a valid contract. (In your answer distinguish between simple and formal contracts under seal) 2. Explain the rules of offer and acceptance. (In your answer distinguish between an offer and an invitation to treat) 3. Analyse the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co 1893. Discuss the facts, issue, arguments of both sides and decision in this case. Consider the relevance of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (previously the Trade Practices Act) S18 if the case was being heard today. 4.Mr. Lee sees the following advertisement in a magazine: â€Å"Use Hair Loss Restorer daily for 10 weeks and your hair will regrow to its original thickness, if not a full refund is guaranteed! † Mr. Lee purchases the product, uses it as directed, however his hair continues to fall out! He claims a refund but the company refuses to pay. Advise Mr. Lee as to his rights under the Law of Contract. (In your answer refer to one decided case) Writing Task: Bargain Stores case study (provided by the tutor) Student Presentation: Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 14 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 6 Contracts 11 Week 7The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. intention to create legal relations consideration remedy damages specific performance Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. Ho w important is intention to enter into legal relations in contracts? Refer to Balfour v Balfour (1919) and Merritt v Merritt (1970) in your answer. 2. Explain the difference between adequate and sufficient consideration. Refer to decided cases. 3. Where there has been a breach of contract, what remedies are available to the innocent party? Refer to examples in your answer) 4. Mr. Lee has lost his dog and has placed an advertisement in the local newspaper offering to pay a reward of $50 to anyone who finds his dog, Spot. Bob, who has not seen the advertisement, finds Spot. He reads Spot’s collar and returns the dog to Mr. Lee. Is Bob entitled to the reward? Don has also lost his dog and similarly places an advertisement notifying a reward. He offers $100 for the return of his dog, Fido. Harry, the local dog catcher (whose job involves retrieving and impounding stray dogs and promptly notifying their owners), sees the advertisement.Later Harry finds Fido and returns him to Don. Is Harry entitled to the reward? Writing Task Coming of Age Designs case study (provided by tutor) Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 15 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 7 International Sales Contracts 1 Week 8 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. proper law Vienna Sales Convention(CISG) conflict of laws private International Law Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are the 3 basic legal questions for Mr.Lee to consider when entering into a contract with an overseas supplier of machinery for his construction company? 2. What are the aims and main provisions of the Vienna Sales Convention (CISG)? 3. Explain the different types of contracts which can be used for international sales of goods and services. 4. Explain the special features of international sales contracts. (In your answer refer to examples) Writing Task Wh at is an international sales contract? Explain briefly the basic legal questions which must be considered when entering into an international sales contract. Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 6 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 8 International Sales Contracts 11 Week 9 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. fundamental breach damages letter of credit nachfrist notice Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What are the key issues to consider when problem solving a dispute over an international sales contract? 2. Discuss the following cases in terms of proper law of the contract: Oceanic Sun Line Special Shipping v Fay (1988) Amin Rasheed Shipping Corp. v Kuwait Ins Co (1984) 3.Explain the possible remedies for a breach of an international sales contract. 4. Lee Constructions Ltd. an Australian company, entered into a contract w ith Cologne Park Pty. Ltd. a German manufacturer of cranes, to purchase two new machines. The parties agreed that the payment would be by letter of credit but at the time of shipment the buyer had not obtained any letter of credit. Advise the seller as to their legal rights. Writing Task: Jill and Wen case study (provided by the tutor) Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 3 UNSW Foundation Studies 17 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 9 Resolving Business Disputes Week 10The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) Negotiation Mediation Conciliation Arbitration Independent expert appraisal Litigation Aust. Commercial Disputes Centre (ACDC) Aust. Centre for International Commercial Arbitration (ACICA) Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is a commercial dispute? (In your answer refer to examples) 2. Lee Constructions Lt d. has a dispute with a supplier of concrete which is necessary to complete a new building in the city.He may experience a loss of $5 million if the building is not completed on time. Outline possible methods which could be used to settle this dispute. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of ADR methods when used in the resolution of a consumer dispute between a landlord and a tenant? 4. What would be some of the problems of using litigation to settle an international commercial dispute? What are the advantages of Arbitration? Writing Task What is ADR? What would be some of the problems of using litigation to settle a consumer dispute between a builder and a customer? Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 2UNSW Foundation Studies 18 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 10 Intellectual Property Law Week 11 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. intellectual property (IP) copyright trademark trade secret patent registered design IP Australia infringement Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form. 1. What is Intellectual property? Give examples of different types. (In your answer refer to the UGG BOOT case study) 2. How can an effective intellectual property management strategy give Lee Constructions a competitive advantage? . Lee Constructions have expanded operations overseas and seek advice about international IP protection. How can the company protect its IP assets overseas? 4. Lee Constructions Ltd. have launched ? a new trademark, ? a new chemical which quick dries poured concrete, ? a new aluminium pylon, ? a software package for a design of buildings. Advise the company as to how it can prevent competitors from copying these IP assets. What possible remedies may be available for infringement? Writing Task How can an effective IP strategy improve the market share and profit of a company? Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4Int ernet Sites http://www. ipaustralia. gov. au http://www. copyright. org. au http://www. wipo. org UNSW Foundation Studies 19 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 11 E- Commerce & the Law Week 12 The following terms and concepts must be understood in the context of the tutorial. You should provide written definitions of these concepts. cybercrime defamation fraud contracts on-line identity theft Prepare answers to the following questions using paragraph form 1. Mr. Lee is a victim of ‘identity theft’ and has money withdrawn from his bank accounts without his knowledge. How does the law in Australia deal with these types of offences? . Discuss the legal issue in Gutnick v Dow Jones & Co Inc (2002) and possible legal remedies. 3. Why is increasing use of the internet providing legal challenges to business? (give examples in your answer) 4. When engaging in e-commerce, what issues should be considered when entering into contracts on-line? Writing Task Explain the legal issue and si gnificance of the decision in Gutnick v Dow Jones & Co. Inc. Student Presentation: Tutorial Question 4 UNSW Foundation Studies 20 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 12 & 13 Revision Week 13 Revision ? Review of sample examinations ? Multiple choice questions Exam essay writing ? Using precedents UNSW Foundation Studies 21 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 UNSW Foundation Studies 22 ALS Tutorial Book Semester 2 UNSW Foundation Studies UNSW Foundation Studies UNSW Sydney NSW 2052 Australia Telephone: 61 2 9385 5396 Facsimile: 61 2 9662 2651 Email: foundation. [email  protected] edu. au Web: www. ufs. unsw. edu. au UNSW Foundation Studies is an education group of UNSW Global Pty Limited, a not-for-profit provider of education, training and consulting services and a wholly owned enterprise of the University of New South Wales ABN 62 086 418 582 CRICOS

College Is Worthwhile Essay

Today in America going to college is more of a necessity than an option; however, college is expensive. Most people cannot afford the upfront cost of tuition and fees along with the additional costs of dorms, meals, textbooks, and other supplies to attend college. Because of this many students resort to taking out student loans that could potentially cost them more in the future. With the cost of attending college constantly rising many people are finding themselves asking the question of rather or not college is really worth the cost. Also, some people feel that going to college is a waste of time. Some feel this way because not all jobs require degrees, so they feel there is no purpose in spending long hours at an institution obtaining one. Others feel that they should not be required to meet the general education requirements of most colleges, but should instead be able to use the time taking classes relevant to their career field. Many people argue that because of these reasons college is not worthwhile. However, despite these facts, going to college has several benefits that make it very valuable. Firstly, college graduates make more money over the course of a lifetime and have more  job opportunities than people without degrees. College graduates on average make about one million dollars more in a lifetime than people with only a high school diploma. This is because college graduates have a better chance of getting and keeping a job, and these jobs pay more. The main reason for this is that there is less competition for jobs that require a degree so there is always a need for employees which means more job security. Secondly, in college people make lifetime connections and broaden their horizons. During college students meet a wide variety of people from different backgrounds than  themselves. The connections that students make with these individuals can prove very beneficial to them especially after they graduate. Many of these people that students meet in college could help them to advance their careers after they graduate. For example, their professors may recommend them for employment to others in their field. Also, they could be meeting future business partners, bosses, or employees. Thirdly, college helps young adults in becoming more responsible. When people go to college, for most, it is the first time most people are practically on their own. It is completely different from being in high school and being dependent on parents and teachers for everything from reminders and help with homework to finances. In college, students face circumstances that they would most likely encounter when completely on their own. College students have to pay bills, manage time efficiently, and be sure to meet deadlines. And if they don’t there may be minor and/or serious consequences that they have to deal with just like in the â€Å"real world. † Many people argue that going to college is not worthwhile because it is too expensive and  is a waste of time, but there are many advantages of going to college that prove how valuable the college experience can be. College students are able to gain stable careers with great pay after graduation, are able to network with the people they meet while in college in order to advance their future careers, and can gain a sense of responsibility to help them mature. So, even though college has its cons, it is challenging and exciting, and can be the best time of a person’s life. It is an experience that can and will set the precedent for the rest of a person’s life if they choose to go.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of Computers in Tertiary Education

The ability to utilise information technology at the tertiary level has many disadvantages, but on the other hand the drawbacks could leave many persons asking if society benefits? Education is a very suitable medium for social mobility as on transcends the various classes, strata and levels of education. This is one option in order to achieve some measure of financial freedom. This statement implies that anyone must embrace, straddle and overcome the establish levels in an education system.That is from the informal learning one experience from birth to the formal early childhood to the elementary level then secondary and eventually the tertiary level. In this twenty-first century of many technological advances, it is absolutely essential that consideration be given to the acquisition, implementation, utilisation, and function of information technology through the use of computers at the tertiary level of education. This development of computers provided tertiary educators and studen ts with a new dimension to challenge their capabilities, explore new horizons in learning and exploit the system that existed.Both constituents met their requirements and demands of tertiary level studies in the form of output in producing documents for presentation, preparing papers for submission, acquiring information for research, keeping of records and just knowledge for development with just a click. The advantages that present themselves to the student signals â€Å"Studying†¦. made in heaven†, easy access to reliable information, no note taking, implying full attention on the lecture or activity. Storage of information is not bulky.As students embraced the technological age, presenting their coursework papers in a legible manner, with little grammatical and spelling errors, lecturers who were not computer savvy were scrambling to acquire the necessary skills to match the students. Note taking and reading of textbooks, even the buying of textbooks are becoming rar e, all information is read off a screen. The acts of carrying around bulky textbooks are a thing of the past. Flash drives, CD’s, small hand held devices have taken over. Slowly traditions are being broken and the computer is becoming the students learning tool.They are buying memory sticks instead of books. Lecturers on the other hand utilise the technology to make presentations to class, keep records, communicate with students via e-mails, receive and give assignments and information through the computer. This made students feel that attendance at lectures was not a necessity as they could get the lecture on the Internet any time. One of the main advantages pertains to the effective use of limited resources available in tertiary institutions. Any lecturer would agree that the contact time with students is the least time involved in a course.In a learning environment undergoing rapid transformation, it is not surprising that teaching methods have also been changing. Lecturer s have to get with the times. As a part of the process of adapting to changing student demands, lecturers have had to consider new ways of delivering course content. A very practical example of this is the close relationship, technologically, that the lecturer and student develops. Course content and lecturers are sent directly to each student via e-mail or made available on a website.The disadvantages of this intensive mode of teaching signal the observer that there is a significant loss of social skills, study skills and data. No longer do students sit together in the same room, they could be miles apart but communicating through teleconferencing or videoconferencing. Data could be loss in the blink of an eye or the flick of a switch. A conscious effort must be made to back up and save information already acquired. The integrity of exams and one’s information could be questioned as all information can be so easily shared.It also found that the assumption that Academic Staff make, that students already have computer literacy skills, is often erroneous. We must take into consideration the student who suffers from technological anxiety, most times they are in the older age bracket and are not computer literate. Then there are the students who are economically challenged and find it difficult to access a computer. The prolonged use of computers pose serious health risks in repetitive eyestrain, lower back pain and computer vision syndrome.The user must take frequent breaks and purchase equipment to deal with correct posture. Despite the stated disadvantages, the use of computers in tertiary level studies is here to stay. Lecturers can track students, disburse information, keep records, recycle course content, store exams and revision exercises, communicate with students at any time of the day, not only during class contact time, with just a click. While students use this flexibility to maximise their study and personal time.

Women and men as single parents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Women and men as single parents - Essay Example In any case, for the healthy nurturing of a child, the care and love of both the father and the mother is necessary for a child. It is impossible for the mother to extend the fatherly care to the child and vice versa. This paper briefly compares and contrasts the duties of women and men as single parents. The child relies his father for security and mother for love and care mostly. The child may feel secured only in the company of the father because of the superior mental and physical power of the father. It is difficult for a mother to cultivate the same feeling of security in the mind of a child as a father did. Same way it is difficult for a father to extend the motherly love and care to a child. Mothers are soft people in most of the cases and the soft and in depth love and care extended by the mother cannot be replicated by a father. Mother’s love and the security provided by the father are essential for the positive development of a child. In many of the families, father works for the family and the mother looks after the children and hence the family matters go smoothly and the children get good living conditions and the emotional support at the same time. But in single parenthood, the child may not get the proper emotional support as his only parent should do everything needed to sustain the family. â€Å"Single parenting will require you to be a sympathetic mother plus a strict and providing father at the same time. It is no wonder that being a single parent can be very stressful. It can be a very difficult task which will generally result in giving mum or dad a terrible headache each day† (Single Parenting Advice). In most of the families the father is the police force who administers discipline in the family. In the case of a single parent (mother) family, the woman needs to manage the disciplinary matters and the caring matters at the same time. It is difficult for a woman to pretend

Self-Portrait by Chuck Close and Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Research Paper

Self-Portrait by Chuck Close and Sunday on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat - Research Paper Example In the â€Å"Self-Portrait† by Chuck Close, the compositional structure appears to consist of subject within a glass or a glassy texture bearing diagonal grid. The grid frame exhibits patterns of intersecting line segments forming tiny squares which carry with them specific details of color and shape. Each square making the diagonal grid of the human face may be observed to encapsulate a somewhat abstract irregular form with a set of colors distinct from the rest yet as a whole, the unique pieces converge to unify into a focus that lies somewhere in the plane that connects the substance of the eyes to the lower portion of the face. One recognizes the finite sense of continuity in the balanced wholeness of the portrait that evokes a character of calm insight as seen through the composition of the eyes and the presence of symmetry indicating how the artist strives to attain an ideal head pose and tilt that introduces the confidence of the figure to the audience. Apparently, the glassy effect neutralizes the rather rigid and rough-looking facial profile as sustained by the quality of light in perspective as well as the mild blend of shades. Chuck Close’s â€Å"Self-Portrait† speaks to the viewer in a way that communicates the essence of parts in an approach that signifies how the coming of captured irregularities may proceed to establish logic and meaning of the art in-toto. On the other hand, while the work of Close in â€Å"Self-Portrait† takes on a modern concept, the creation of â€Å"Sunday on La Grande Jatte† by Georges Seurat tends to remind a critical viewer of an art in the period of Neo-impressionism. Strokes of subtle and sublime impressions are projected in each figure where Seurat occurs to refine all curves and lines to the mood of a carefree Sunday just as how the thematic time and space is ideally imagined. Softness among elements in texture, color, and movement implies rhythm of pure order and smooth gestures tha t send the painting adrift to a valuable social dimension which flourishes one’s concrete thought of a light afternoon day in which the chief subject is leisure. â€Å"Sunday on La Grande Jatte† as it is exudes richness in classic attitude that can be dated back to the Renaissance wherein the equilibrium existing between emotion and intellect in the characters of the composition is highly manifested in the spatial arrangement of literal forms which go well with the aspect of meticulously blended hues. Within Seurat’s frame, the look and feel of landscape is poignant much as the sight of fashion in French women’s late 19th century clothing and demeanor that reflect through the image of hats, long ballooning skirts, and fancy umbrellas of common design featured with even distribution across the scenery. Compared to Close’s â€Å"Self-Portrait† which seems to represent the notion of individualism and centered at pondering on the man’s mo dern expression, Seurat’s â€Å"Sunday on La Grande Jatte† promotes the value of having company, a symbol of mutual affection, so that the principle of focal point in this case is applied in a manner that renders one to look around and examine the painting’s context from the inside out. It would feel as if Close’s theme, on the contrary, draws the inspecting task from the outside going in since the external with all the minute significant details are initially scattered for the view to collect the parts of the work into the

Noel Burch and Tom Gunning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Noel Burch and Tom Gunning - Essay Example According to Burch, the Theory of Film Practice is at every point derived is based on the perception of film as something that develops not through the constraints and conventions of an industry, but rather, it originates on the opposition to them. Burch, in all his work, has seemed to dedicate himself into redefining the components of film forms or styles. Burch's perception on film viewing and film-making are both as parts of the same intrinsic process. He re-establishes the shot changeover as the foundation of formal articulation in the cinema. Burch's quest led him into discovering what he perceived as a â€Å"purer cinema† which, in his point of view, is free of conservative ideologies. His Theory of Film of practice remains to be one of the main points in the study of criticisms in the Western film. In his book, Burch tackled various concepts such as the continuous and discontinuous forms of cutting as well as further investigating the various uses of off-screen space wh ich are defined and investigated extensively. Factors which he explored in the last seven chapters of his book included softness and sharpness of focus, lighting contrasts, moving and stationary images, long and short sequences, structural uses of sound, functions of chance as well as an interesting category which he designated as the â€Å"structures of aggression.† In Gunning's point-of-view, the general feel of narrative films gave audience the sense of being an unknown spectator of the film, generally watching. unknowing characters of each film

Interpersonal Commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interpersonal Commitment - Essay Example I worked in an organization a few years ago as an administrative assistant for a firm in the financial services industry. My job duties included satisfying the needs of a staff of 50 employees. Since I had the opportunity to interact with a lot of people in the firm doing work-related tasks I had the chance to observe the behavior of the employees and how they interacted with each other in formal and informal settings. In this company employees were entitled to a 15-minute break every two hours, thus socialization among employees manifested itself lively. The first social rule I learn from my colleagues was to limit social interaction outside of work and during breaks with the managerial staff. My co-workers told me from the start that nothing good could come out of it. The rule was flexible and when the bosses would joke around with us we would treat them as friends. The second week after I started with this company I was invited to a lunch at a restaurant with a group of eight colleagues including the general manager. I was told later that this treat was an initiation tradition every new employee would enjoy and the boss would always pay for the meals of everyone. People in this firm loved the hiring of new employees. The behavior of everyone at work was internally quietly monitored by the employees for social positioning considerations. It was important for an employee to know who is who and which people can be trusted. Employees that attacked the work of others during the meeting or who kept too close a relationship with a supervisor or manager is someone who could not be trusted. The general perception of such an individual was that this person is willing to step over anyone to get ahead in the corporate world at any cost. This type of person would be ridiculed by the group on a personal level. Social interaction at work is a business variable that serves an important function. A staff that gets along and respects each other professionally are a unit that adds value to a company. The human capital of a corporation is an intangible asset that differentiates the pretender from the players in the business world. The experience I had in the financial firm showed me the value of building a work envi ronment in which the people of the company think of their colleagues as people they can trust and communicate in open fashion. When the lines of communication are open work-related problems can be solved faster. I hope my next job has an organizational culture similar to the one I had the privilege to work for in the financial services institution. Â   Â  

5 economics factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

5 economics factors - Essay Example Different economic factors in the US contribute to or minimize the gender gap in state economy. In 1935, the government policy, Aids to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), was implemented and its main target was the single mothers and the low-income families. The conditions for qualification of this aid were that, the identified families had to be poor, except the single mothers who were all considered. This policy involved aid to such families. The aid came in the form of financial assistance, provision of free medical care, food donations, and subsidies on housing. This policy however raised a number of controversies. It was thought to result in an increased dependency of the poor in society. This would also discourage the poor from looking for employment and means of self-dependence. Finally, this would discourage people from getting marriage and thus increasing the number of single mothers. This was proved ineffective in ensuring a poverty-free society. Nonetheless, this policy was beneficial to women during its short operational period. In 1996, another policy of poverty eradication was implemented as a replacement of the AFDC. This was the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). This policy was funded by different states, unlike the AFDC, which was wholly funded by the federal government. In 2008, this policy was amended and required all single mothers to work a minimum of thirty hours in a week. The main argument for this proposition was that, most mothers in dual –income families went to work, therefore, the single mothers too were expected to work. In addition, unlike the AFDC, this policy had a time limit of five years. Since this program was temporal, it aimed at equipping the low-income families with enough resources to help them solve their financial problems and establish themselves financially in the

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty Essay

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty China - Essay Example The paper tells that before the first opium war, China had thrived economically and was looking forward to an even better future. China was isolationist in nature and did not trade with foreign countries. This nature of China therefore could not to fulfill England’s desire of trade with them. However, England looked for trade goods that would appeal to the Chinese, and so started exporting opium to China. However, China got into a conflict with England over opium trade, as they wished England to stop opium exportation to China due to its negative influence opium had in China. The British did not comply and this led to the first opium war between China and Britain. The first opium war had negative effect on Anglo-Chinese relationship in regard to the treaties signed afterwards, which favored the British and not the Chinese, and led to seceding of China’s Hong Kong island to the United Kingdom, hence leaving the Qing Dynasty in disgrace. As Melancon notes, this first opiu m war was responsible for the changes in Anglo-Chinese relationship experienced after the war and even today. The British benefited more from this war, as opposed to the Chinese. England had thought that opium was the most appropriate tool for balancing the trade deficit between them and China. The authorities in China later objected to opium trade, but this did not stop England. The main event which aggravated the first opium war was when in 1839, Lin Zexu, the Canton governor, destroyed opium amounting to 20,283 chests after forcing the British merchants to forfeit it, at Canton port. Later, British sailors murdered a Chinese citizen, hence building up tension between these two countries. The Queen then commanded British troops to take over Hong Kong. The first confrontation between the Chinese and British troops happened while the Chinese tried to prevent the British form entering Hong Kong. The British troops conquered the Chinese, killing many of them, and took over Shanghai, G uangdong, Chinese forts, as well as parts of the Canton city. This forced the Qing Dynasty to surrender to the British and the end of this war was concluded by signing the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 (Perdue 29). By signing the treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese lost many rights of their sovereign state. In this treaty, the British were accorded five Chinese port cities, including all the trading rights. This led to the end of the Imperial monopolization of all foreign trade. The opening of foreign ships and the ports of Amoy, Canton, Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Ningbo opened China to foreign trade, thus ending their isolationist principles. In this treaty, China was also forced to hand over the Island of Hong Kong to the British for on a 99 years lease, which ended in 1997. This treaty also made china pay the British for the losses incurred during the war. China paid 6 million for the opium they destroyed, 12 million to cater for the cost of the war, and 3 million to the British merchants to c over the debts they owed them. All this amounted to 21 million, payable to the British in silver. This weakened China’s economy, considering the losses they had already suffered during the war (Carroll 9). One of the conditions in the Nanjing Treaty was that the laws of their countries and not the laws of China would rule the foreigners in China. This was exploitative to China and denied use of its rule of law over all the inhabitants in the country. The Nanjing treaty therefore left the Chinese helpless and overruled by the British and other foreigners. This treaty robbed the Chinese of their independence and eventually led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. China was now dominated by foreign states, and this destroyed the legitimate rule of a central government in China. For instance, even after the war, opium was still considered illegal by the Chinese authorities, however, the British continued with this trade in China, yet China could take no action to

Grand Opening and Market Briefing in East India Finance Company Assignment

Grand Opening and Market Briefing in East India Finance Company - Assignment Example The respective heads are advised to make their plans and suggestions in order to make this grand opening a success. The Store Manager and Store Assistant are advised to be prepared to take orders if they come their way during the event only. Sales should have clear-cut details regarding how they would deal with the interested retailers or business partner enquires. The most important aspect to raise the visibility of our company should be taken care of and a proper plan is expected from the Advertising Manager. All the other people who have been addressed in this letter are advised to be present at the meeting. It is expected that they provide their valuable suggestions to make the grand opening event a grand success. If anyone has any queries regarding their assigned duties and responsibilities can contact the General Manager and discussion regarding their doubts. The meeting is scheduled to take place at the company head office on 15th of June 2011 and everyone is expected to have their tasks ready by that day. The Following is the current position of our market hold. The figure depicts how we are performing in the northern territory of our city. All the concerned people to the company are requested to have a look at the trends and provide their observations to the management soon. As we see that our market share which was about 12% a year before has shot up to 14% this year. It is an improvement in terms of our expansion plans. However, if we look at the potential market that is available out there we see a great potential. We observe that we can double our market share if we are able to deliver what the customers are expecting out of us. Also, the number, of loyal customers needs to be increased in order to get a better grip on the market. The percentage of new customers that is slated to increase next year is also great i.e. 3.6% and if we deliver as per the market demands we can gain the first mover advantage. For our new range of products, we would like the respective department heads to plan out the best strategy to cover the still to be explored market segment of about 10.6%. Therefore the results are out and its time for us to be happy for our performance as well as its time for all the concerned people of the company to prepare the inroads for a brighter future of the company.

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay According to an economist the idea of development is a situation whereby there is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, leading to an increase in growth .but to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a country is regarded as developed when such increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the smallest group in the society. Where we don’t only calculate numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, both the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA. Nigeria the most populated country in Africa filled with its endowed natural resources, and according to the â€Å"united nations statistics Nigeria is the 8th most populous county in the world with a population of 2.3%† (UN 2011).but the country still suffers the decay of underdevelopment due to certain avoidable factors that stand as unavoidable. What actually is underdevelopment? W.A Lewis 1963 says that a country may be â€Å"underdeveloped in the sense that its technology is backward when compared with that of other countries or in the sense that its institutions are relatively unfavorable to investment, or in the sense that capital resources per head are low when compared with western Europe or in the sense that output per head is low or in the sense that it has valuable natural resources that has not yet begun use† (extracted by opafola 1996). Agreeing to what Lewis has said so well underdevelopment can be explored from another dimension which in a way he seemed to have ignored, it is a situation whereby the quality of life of the majority of its people is low. The causes or factors of Nigeria’s underdevelopment can be divided into 2 which are both external and internal. â€Å"External includes slavery, colonialism, neo- colonialism and the worldwide recession† (Rodney 1972), with which in my opinion is a fact for our underdevelopment the foundation. Also the internal factors include bribery and corruption, poor leadership, bad patriotism from citizens etc. which actually is avoidable. FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIA’S UNDERDEVELOPMENT 1. Bribery and Corruption This is the greatest factor that has put Nigeria where it is today, the issue of â€Å"corruption† this is an internal factor. According to the Longman dictionary of contemporary English new edition â€Å"corruption is define as dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power†. In Africa as a whole research has seen it that most African leaders are corrupt in nature, leading to their backwardness in development of their economy. Taking a cue from the late Attah Williams of Ghana, he executed all the corrupt leaders in Ghana for the stability of the country, and from recent news Ghana has taking a new turn in its development process (silver bird news 23rd august 2012). The issue of corruption is Nigeria’s biggest challenge that is eating into our economic growth leading to money laundering and looting of public funds meant for the improving living condition of citizens. Corruption now is found in every facets of the Nigerian system especially the political aspect has leaders steal for selfish gain. The transparency international corruption index 2011 ranked Nigeria 143th of 183 counties in the world that is developed, also on the scale of 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) Nigeria scored 2.4%, between 2010 and 2011 Nigeria’s position declined from 9 places scoring 2.4% from a possible 10 showing the greatest sign that efforts at correcting corruption had been very inadequate in the last year† (business day, Wednesday September 6 2011). This shows the height of corruption in our country, taking the story of the former governor James ibori of delta state who was jailed for 16 years for money laundering in April 2012 by the American judiciary after being discharged by a Nigerian court due to bribe for a case he was still found guilty. Nigeria’s problem is this menace and until there is a stop to it I wonder where we are heading to. 2.Neo-colonialism or imperialism This is an external factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment; it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it â€Å"promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism† (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has always been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping ground for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our own goods. Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our raw materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialism as we export our goods at the rate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude oil, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of technicality in transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy removal in January 1st 2012, even after which things haven’t changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012. 3.Poor leadership According to john c. Maxwell â€Å"leadership is about influence† and niyi adesonya sees it â€Å"as not just influence but also inspiration†. The idea of Nigeria’s leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the â€Å"national cake† and leaving the main aim of governance. Research has seen it that Africa is one continent whereby its leaders are older than the country itself and Nigeria is not left out, as most of our past leaders are much older than the country itself. The issue of poor leadership is also a contributing factor whereby due to corruption leaders make laws to favour their actions, as each time a ruler comes in seat we keep on amending the constitution to suite political parties, politicians make empty promise during election campaigns when put office little or nothing is done in such community and citizens keep suffering in squalor and begin to govern themselves providing the necessities for their comfort. Due to poor leadership the recent issue of flood all over most riverine area would have occurred, this is because a developed country would have been prepared to channel the water released from the Cameroonian dam into another dam. But since Nigerian political elites spend time on unnecessary things like the introduction of the 5000 naira note, citizens are homeless. Poor leadership is a contributing factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment, as the main issues are not critically tacked to solve other things. It has led to flamboyant spending of public funds whereby an average senator in the house of representative is paid unnecessary bills like the seating allowance, wardrobe allowance etc. aside the salary they earn, why won’t people kill to seat on political power? Nigeria is one country whereby the president earns more than the president of United States. As they continue to buy properties that they don’t need instead of investing in profitable business. 4.Bad patriotism This is also a causing factor for our underdevelopment from in my opinion, it is obvious that most Nigerians are aware of our backwardness and they don’t try to help matters instead they add to the problem itself. By disobeying or making difficult certain rules meant to help the country, this is because they believe it is another lie to eat from us. From the AIT news in August Hilary Clinton’s last visit to Nigeria in 2012, she told the president to have the will power of taking certain stringent rules and standing firm for example the handiwork of governor Fashola of Lagos state is termed credible as Lagos with its massive population is actually adjusting to change. This is because even as unpatriotic most Lagosians are governor Fashola still took a stand, Nigeria’s problem is also citizen built as persons no what is right and refuse doing it for no reason. REFERENCES Walter Rodney (1972) â€Å"How Europe Underdeveloped Africa† Dar-Es Salaam. Tanzania Publishing House. Lewis W.A (1963) â€Å"The Theory of Economic Growth† London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. S.O. Opafola (1996) â€Å"The Journal of Philosophy and Development† Vol.2, Ogun State University: Hope Publications. Onimode, B (1981) â€Å"Imperialism and Nigerian Development† In O. Nnoli Edition. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. Business Day Newspaper Wednesday September 6 (2011), Nigeria and Corruption Index United Nation Statistics 2011. AIT News august 2012.

Impact of Social Classes Essay Example for Free

Impact of Social Classes Essay The world that we live in is so immense, that the people who live in it is so diverse in culture, lifestyle, language and even skin color. We live in different environments and countries yet with all these dissimilarities, we share something in common. That is what we call social classes, which was practiced primarily during the beginning of world civilization. Our world began with this system and thereby influenced the generations after them. People were then identified simply as slaves or kings yet very unjust. People eventually awakened from a lengthy stupor and learned to fight for their human rights to exterminate these social strata and discriminations that exist in the society even until today. It is sad but factual and real. Even in the most democratic country, social classes still exist in modern times and manifest in terms of financial, cultural ethnicity and even racial aspects. We still have what we call as upper, middle and lower classes basing on their financial capacity. It is really part of our world but we have grown to be more considerate and tolerant to each other. In the story AP, the setting of the story happened in a store in a small town five miles away from the beach. People here are generally conservative thus concerned about propriety. The story began when Sammy, who worked as a cashier in this grocery store called AP saw three young girls who came in the store barefoot, wearing swimming suits. This of course does not occur everyday in this town, so naturally, Sammy and his co-worker Stokesie were stunned. Even the other grocery shoppers were surprised to these girls confidently walking along the aisles looking for something they need to buy. When the girls were on the counter being manned by Sammy, they caught the eye of Mr. Lengel, who manages the store. Mr. Lengel who also teaches Sunday school could not help but approach the girls and told them â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach. † This embarrassed the girls and one of them said, â€Å"We are decent†. The girls then paid and hurried to go back to their car outside and leave. Before the girls left, Sammy suddenly told Mr. Lengel that he is quitting his job, deliberately saying it while the girls were of hearing range to present himself as their hero but when he left the store, the girls left already, putting his efforts to nothing. Sammy then realized that his impulsiveness led his to lose his job which can greatly affect his life and his family. Living in different areas in the same country also means having diverse cultures. Urban areas especially the big cities have displays of a more liberated lifestyle compared to the rural ones. The contrasts of these two societies are very apparent in this story. These girls didn’t think they did anything wrong by walking in a store wearing swimming suits but for residents of that community, it was very improper and offensive. Sammy seemed in awe of these girls and impulsively quit his job just to become a momentary hero for them. Seeing this trio of girls who have been used to a different upbringing due to a social class they grew in opened Sammy’s eyes to something different from the one he is used to. The second story was entitled â€Å"Barn Burning† which happened in the 1930’s. It was about an impoverished family led by the father called Abner Snopes, who works for farmers in way of rental contracts. This family has been moving from one farm to another for several years because Abner always gets in trouble. Abner is so full of bitterness and insecurities that pushed him to do ludicrous deeds to the farm owners he works in. His temper heats up even with the slightest provocation and gets consumed with hatred which impels him to burn the barns of the farms who worked for. All these were done witnessed by his two sons, twin daughters, sister-in-law and his wife who tags along with him every time he needed to move. He was put in question in Peace’s courts several times because of his arsonist tendencies. One time, he burned a barn to get back at his neighbor named Mr. Harris because his hog strayed to his neighbor’s property and defiantly refused to return it if he would not pay the fine of a dollar. He then sent a black man whom he calls rudely as a nigger and asks him to pay the dollar to claim his hog and tell the neighbor, â€Å"Wood and hay kin burn. † Later the barn of that neighbor was burned. After the inquest the Snopes family had to move to another farm outside that county. When they arrived at another farm, he immediately paid a visit to the owner of the farm and insisted on going inside the white carpeted house with his filthy shoes and smeared dung on it from his shoes. He was later told in court to pay the farm owner ten bushels of corn which he obviously could not afford since they can barely put food on their table. He then later decided to burn the barn of that farm owner for revenge. The only person in the Snopes’ family, who truly asserted himself to correct the misdeeds of his father, was Abner’s youngest son who was a little boy named Colonel Sartoris Snopes. He wanted his father’s habitual barn burning to be stopped and so told the farm owner of what was happening. Colonerl Sartoris was righteous and did what he believed was the right thing to do even if his father’s barn burning is revealed. I am not trying to defend but understand Abner for the things he did in the story. What he did was wrong and there was no just compelling for his actions but Abner’s behavior was in some ways a result of what society laid as basis for a person’s worth. He became irrational and resorted to violence when he thought he was unfairly treated instead of trying to do things in a proper way. Social classification then was so vividly observable. The owners of a farm are far more affluent compared to the families in the likes of the Snopes’ who does the hard, laborious work of tilling the land, growing the crops then harvesting it yet earning so little for it. The unfairness of that era was evident and created a huge gap between these social classes which affects the lives of those considered as inferior like Abner’s family. They deserved equal opportunity to live a more comfortable and easy life. Sammy and Abner has the same impulsiveness to do what they think could put justice into a situation without thinking of the consequences of their action. Sammy quit his job to show that he dissented the way Mr. Lengel embarrassed the girls which was implied to be a decision that would affect his family. On the other hand, Abner resorted to violence to solve his predicament which apparently worsens his family’s situation. Social stratification affects the lives of the people. It may enrich their lives or curtail their opportunities. These days it is a relief to see that the lines between these classes are not as vivid as during the time of our forefathers and are now slowly fading into progression. There are still destitute men and women on the streets in most communities. There are still discriminations among races and gender. There are still people oppressed by their leaders. But it is evident that in our society today people are more aware of their rights and would definitely fight for it in whatever way they can. These stories showed the development in how people treated each other during these two eras and the history of social classes.

New Zealand Sustainable Dairy Farm

New Zealand Sustainable Dairy Farm EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dairy farmers are profoundly energetic to strengthen their own organizations furthermore, help manufacture a superior future for New Zealand. Worldwide dairy markets offer significant development and esteem creation opportunities throughout the following decades. Individual agriculturist activity furthermore, industry activities are as of now doing some of what should be done to catch these open doors, be that as it may, more should be possible especially in working for the advantage of all New Zealanders. The strategic vision is dairy farming working for everyone. To accomplish this vision, dairy farming must be focused and mindful. Protecting furthermore, improving New Zealand dairy farmings upper hand is a proceeded with exertion, expanding on past systems and focussing on the key territories that have any kind of effect to the monetary performance of dairy farming. Dairy farming must likewise address its duties inside and outside the cultivate door. A dependable dairy cultivating industry is one which illustrates great stewardship of assets, recognizes its obligation of care to individuals whats more, creatures, and which assembles a superior New Zealand through the commitments agriculturists and the more extensive industry to New Zealand society. This document outlines key destinations adjusted to being competitive and responsible. Meeting these objectives will make a more sustainable future for dairy farming in New Zealand. ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES According to Business Dictionary Analysis of how scarce resources (factors of production) are distributed among producers, and how scarce goods and services are apportioned among consumers. This analysis takes into consideration the accounting cost, economic cost, opportunity cost, and other costs of resources and goods and services. Allocation of resources is a central theme in economics (which is essentially a study of how resources are allocated) and is associated with economic efficiency and maximization of utility. Definition of Resource Allocation Resource allocation is a process and strategy including an organization choosing where scare resources ought to be utilized as a part of the production of goods or services. A resource can be considered as any factor of production, which is something used to deliver products or services. Resources include such things as labour, land, machinery, tools and equipment, technology, and natural resources, and monetary assets, for example, money. Resource allocation is the process toward assigning and managing assets in a way that supports an associations strategic objectives. Resource allocation includes managing tangible assets, for example, equipment to make the best utilization of softer assets, for example, human capital. Resource allocation includes adjusting competing necessities and priorities and deciding the best strategy keeping in mind the end goal to maximize the successful utilization of limited resources and gain the best rate of return. OVERVIEW About the NZ Dairy Industry Fast Facts New Zealand represents 3% of aggregate world production New Zealand exports around 95% of its dairy production In the year to June 2016, dairy was New Zealands biggest export segment (18% of aggregate products and service exports) New Zealand exported NZ$ 12.4 billion worth of dairy products in the year ending June 2016 The main five markets for New Zealand dairy exports are: China, United States, United Arab Emirates, Australia, Japan New Zealands main four dairy export products are: whole milk powder (37%), cheese (12%), skim milk powder (10%), and butter (9%) Protein products, UHT drain, and new-born child recipe represented 21% of New Zealand dairy exports in 2015, up from 16% in 2013 Dairy is a part of New Zealand Heritage New Zealands first dairy processing plant was built up around 1875 and the principal export shipment of refrigerated butter left Dunedin in 1882. Since this time, the industry has taken after a way of development and combination, culminating in the Dairy Industry Restructuring Act 2001, which sets up the current regulatory framework for the industry. New Zealands delivers an extensive variety of dairy products. Milk powders are a substantial part of the product mix, mirroring the sharp regularity of New Zealand milk production, distance from market, market access and demand flow, and New Zealands skill in milk powder producing. New Zealand dairy organizations are trusted providers of a full scope of dairy products, including of high esteem dairy nutritional products, specific dairy ingredients for food service, and new-born child recipes. ALLOCATION OF BUDGET Budget allocation is a critical part of all business and not-for-profit financial plans. Budgets are ordinarily set every year and include allocating anticipated income and resources between various divisions and business interests. The amount of funding allocated to every area forces limitations on the extent of the departments development. For instance, if there is a reduction in financing, then some staff must be made excess. DairyNZ has developed straightforward budget formats and guides. A cash flow outlines your month to month financial circumstance. It estimates; on a month-by-month basis, what salary you expect and what you anticipate spending. Effectively utilizing a financial plan during the season gives you a chance to monitor progress and make restorative move where essential. Annual Cash Budget An annual cash budget point of cash received and cash costs going out. It indicates if the business is sustainable and estimates any cash surplus or deficiency for the season. Monthly Cash flow Budget A cash flow budget traces your month to month finance related circumstance. It estimates; on a month-by-month basis, what income you expect and what you anticipate spending. Personal Cash Budget A personal cash budget is for any individual who needs to know where their cash is going. Finishing a personal budget gives more prominent control over personal expenditure and gives you a chance to figure out where reserve funds could be made for large items, for example, abroad occasions, or to develop an aggregate of cash for future investment or retirement. It is especially valuable for agriculturists on a wage or pay. Partial Budget Partial budgeting is a basic planning tool used to estimate the monetary benefit or loss by changing some part of the business or making a partial change to the farm system. RESOURCE MONITORING Water Meters and Monitoring Water meters are the best approach to monitor water utilize. They can detect little breaks and losses and are a successful approach to track occasional and annual consumption. A basic water meter (costing about $350) will help detect where water can be saved and recognize water proficiency choices on-farm. They are a profitable element of any farm taking a stab at sustainable water utilizes. Monitoring Water Meters Read meters in the meantime and day on a general timetable to guarantee readings are predictable. Readings can be recorded on DairyNZs. At any rate once every month, read the meter late at night and again early the following morning, to check for little or unnoticed breaks. Assigning meter-reading obligation to one individual makes it a player in a routine and diminishes the chance of it being overlooked. Tracking Trends Record meter readings consistently to track regular and yearly homestead water utilize. The business assesses that average water use for draining bovines is around 140 liters/day (70L for drinking and 70L in the homestead dairy). Climate conditions and encourage will influence stock water consumption. On the off chance that general water use on the ranch consistently surpasses 140L/day, it merits having a more critical search for conceivable water misfortunes or wasteful aspects in operation. Selecting a Water Meter Introducing a water meter permits you to record genuine water utilize and distinguish regions where water can be utilized all the more proficiently. Water system New Zealands Water Measurement Blue Tick licensed administrators are suggested for establishment of water meters and can give exhortation on the most appropriate alternative. Types of Water Meters There are two fundamental sorts of water meter accessible to monitor shed water utilize; mechanical and electromagnetic. The cost and varies shifts between these meters. When all is said in done mechanical water meters are the least expensive in advance however require prior substitution and have poorer exactness than the electromagnetic. Mechanical Water Meter Most mechanical meters have an impeller that is pivoted by water going through the meter. The measure of turns is meant a volumetric perusing. The meters are accessible in different sizes and the funnels either side of them, must be brimming with water amid measuring to guarantee they are precise. Advantages Reliable and accurate estimation giving the meter is accurately installed. Moderately low introductory cost contrasted with electromagnetic In-line support with basic productive component. Replacement for parts (e.g. impellers) promptly accessible. Disadvantages Hard to recognize breakdown or human impedance to meter while working if worked with an information lumberjack. Inclined to wear in salty water, conceivably bringing about loss of exactness. Some head loss qualities. Electromagnetic Water Meter An electromagnetic meter comprises of a segment of pipe with an attractive field around it and cathodes which decide stream in view of how the electrical voltage is changed by the water stream. This sort of meter is delivered in a scope of standard sizes and flow capacities. Advantages High level of exactness (+/ 0.15-2%) and steady over full stream go. Wide flow extend and no obstacles to stream. Vigorous with insignificant routine upkeep required. No moving parts. Disadvantages Control supply required. Electronic parts powerless against lightning harm. Installing a Water Meter Water Meter Placement For the most part, water meters ought to be fitted: After a water channel, to keep away from coarseness in the water which causes wear on the meter Prior to any compound infusion, for example, fertigation. Prior to any outlets so that the whole water yield is measured. Most meters should be fitted in a long straight length of pipe. Meters wont record the water stream precisely if stream is influenced by turbulence or discharge brought about by twists or intersections. The length of straight pipe before the meter ought to be 10 times the pipe measurement. The length of straight pipe after the meter ought to be five circumstances the pipe breadth (see chart underneath). Not all meters require this straight length of pipe to capacity, check the makers particulars of the meter. TIME MANAGEMENT Inside your crowd there will be an expansive scope of draining lengths; a few bovines with short draining terms to some with long. The most well-known is around 6 minutes. In the event that the turn time was set at around 10 minutes, then, contingent upon the season of year, around 7% of the slowest draining bovines would go around. Speeding up the Rotation Time Traditionally, agriculturists have gone for under 10% of cows going around. In the event that over 10% required a moment turn, the stage speed would be decreased to give the dairy animals longer to drain. In fact, go around dairy animals dont adversely influence the quantity of bovines drained every hour and going for fewer than 10% will regularly confine the stage throughput. Try not to stress over releasing dairy animals around. Set the turn time in light of the capacity of the mugs on administrator. Its ideal to continue measuring at a sensible rate all through draining, as opposed to put undue exertion or strain on the body attempting to keep up a debilitating pace. Numerous revolving administrators utilize the quantity of going around cows as the criteria for setting pivot time yet this can regularly confine proficiency. How is Speeding up more efficient? The condition underneath shows which is more productive. Normal bunch sit out of equipment time for 10 min revolution; (3.6 minutes + 0.7 minutes) = 4.3 minutes. Normal bunch sit out of gear time for 8 min revolution; (1.8 minutes + 1.5 minutes) =3.3 minutes. Lessening bunch sit out of gear time or over-draining will enhance draining productivity. For the 10 minute turn in this case, there is less group sit without moving time utilizing a shorter revolution time with more go-around bovines than a more drawn out pivot time permitting less go around cows. In a 50 safeguard turning utilizing this 10 minute pivot, each group would be sit without moving for 3.6 minutes because of cows that have completed the process of draining holding up to exit and 7% of safeguards would be utilized for go around dairy animals a likeness an additional 0.7 minutes of sit out of gear bunch time. Shortening the turn to 8 minutes would diminish bunch sit out of gear time to 1.8 minutes in light of the fact that for most cows they are completing the process of draining nearer to the exit, yet now 19% of safeguards would be involved by a go around dairy animals so this sit time would increment to 1.5 minutes. Administrators ordinarily utilize a similar turn time paying little mind to revolving size. A greater rotating will mean less administrator time for each safeguard. As the speed builds, so does the rate of go around dairy animals. At the point when the revolving achieves the point where 20% of cows are going around it is for the most part not more productive to accelerate the stage and abbreviate the turn time (yet it not less effective either). COST METHODS The cost method commands that the investor account for the investment at its historical cost (i.e., the price tag). This data shows up as a benefit on the accounting report of the investor. Once the financial specialist records the underlying exchange, there is no compelling reason to change it, unless there is proof that the honest estimation of the speculation has declined to underneath the recorded authentic cost. Provided that this is true, the financial specialist records the recorded cost of the venture to its new honest esteem. 1. Average Salary Taken truly, the average salary of a specific position is the scientific signify of the pay rates surprisingly utilized in that position. This number is figured by including every one of the pay rates of individuals working in the position and after that isolating that total by the quantity of individuals working in the position. The number got is the normal salary. Most associations that track vocation pay rates, for example, Pay scale, ascertain this number through a testing of individuals. 2. Productivity Costs A financial estimation used to anticipate future examples of expansion in the United States economy. The profitability estimation tracks the productivity of merchandise and ventures creation, and the cost estimation shows the work cost joined to each yield unit in the economy. 3. Training Costs Educational planning for playing out a vocation that is ordinarily given to staff by the business that has as of late enlisted them before they get to be distinctly dynamic in support of the organization. Worker preparing is progressively required to help the work constrain in utilizing current systems, apparatuses, procedures and materials in their occupations. 4. Recruitment Costs The Society for Human Resource Management offers an exhaustive record specifying the Cost-per-Hire Standard, an American National Standard for human asset administration. This Standard is composed as an apparatus to permit an association to decide precise and similar expenses to staff position utilizing standard information and equations to compute the enlisting expenses to be joined into cost-per-contract. IDENTIFICATION OF RESOURCE GAP The drought can be viewed as broken just when there has been sufficient rain to take the dirt to inside around 15% of field limit. That by and large means more than 50mm. Until then arrangement to get past in the most ideal shape. Have a plan in place Planning is critical to dealing with a dry summer. A good plan will decrease stress and guarantee that the dry summer wont effect on the accompanying seasons creation. A Summer Management Plan will amplify benefit and lessen worry in a dry summer. Â   Â   It may not be anything but difficult to foresee when it will rain, however an arrangement gives the system to what choices should be made and when. The arrangement should be explored as conditions change. Take Action Early Dry-off Poor Performers It is better to put scarce feed or costly supplements into bovines that are creating great. The others will eat significantly less when dry, and you may have the capacity to graze them off. Use Supplements Wisely Most importantly reserve 10-14 days of supplement for the period after rain (approx. 100kg/DM/bovine); progressively if extreme dry season, less if C4 grasses will develop after rain. There will be a great deal of field rot as of now and you require something to keep your dairy animals going and to keep the turn ease back to develop encourage supplies. Nourishing supplements keeps creatures underway longer than would somehow or another is conceivable. However supplements can expand stock water rates. Consider giving water in the yards lessen the requests to diminish the request on troughs in the enclosure subsequent to draining. Abstain from utilizing harvest time/winter supplements if at all conceivable. Utilize them just if all else fails in the wake of getting dry the whole group. The productivity of sustain supplements relies on upon the persist reaction of having bovines in drain when it rains (the more drawn out the dry season, the lower the reaction) and the cost of supplement with respect to drain cost. When bolstering supplements guarantee that stock have enough water as the request may increment. Consider giving water in the yards to decrease the request on troughs in the enclosure in the wake of draining. Consider Milking Once-a-Day (OAD) Milking OAD or once at regular intervals are great alternatives to take the weight off dairy animals when bolster supply is constrained. OAD reduces the weight on bovines strolling to the shed, and can expand the time accessible for sustaining out. The effect on drain generation will be subject to the creation of the cows, their genetic merit and the feed available. Review the Plan Monitor Farm and Rainfall Review the arrangement consistently to 10 days (precipitation, nourish cover, supplement, generation). Check dairy animals condition routinely (every 3-4 weeks), especially the 2 and 3 year olds, and get them dry in light of their condition score and days from calving, sustain accessible, winter field development rates and expected calving date. Set up Next Season Dry-off a greater amount of the crowd if required Would it be gainful to continue draining an extent of your best makers and touch the rest off? Or, then again would it be ideal to get dry the entire group and oversee them all alone property? In what capacity will you keep up or enhance their condition so that next seasons creation is not influenced? DECISION AND CONTINGENCY PLANNING Planning for Success Most activities which enhance the effectiveness of changing over farm contributions to milk are certain for the farm business financially and naturally. Go for a win outcome- embracing great practice enhances the productivity of your cultivating business and has enhanced natural outcomes. The accompanying planning objectives are fundamentally focused around the ecological parts of a dairy change. Here are four focuses to consider: Allow Plenty of time for due diligence Permit time to talk with the greater part of the associations recorded in the Information Gathering stage, different agriculturists who have effectively finished a dairy transformation, and in addition proficient experts. Be set up to put resources into data gathering e.g. soil mapping by experts data which will empower you to completely evaluate the lands potential reasonableness for dairy cultivating and gushing water system. Putting it in writing The old adage, neglect to plan- plan to come up short may seem to be accurate. Expressly stating plans (or drawing/schematic) permits you a chance to think about your thoughts, perhaps distinguish any contentions or shortages, and make it a great deal less demanding to impart your thoughts to staff and others you are working with. Having a detailed timeline is an imperative piece of accomplishing the objectives of the transformation. Inability to do this, could bring about overwhelms in capital and time, and missing due dates, i.e. the begin of the season. Connecting with contractual workers and tradesmen with a composed contract with concurred results, costs and time spans, in view of your arrangement is beneficial. Unified Farmers can give a scope of format contracts. Have a dedicated project manager A devoted project manager is fundamental for executing a change plan, whether this is the farm proprietor or director, or a procured proficient project supervisor. Their part is basic to keep the project inside time and spending limitations, to ground-truth what is going on the ranch, and keep temporary workers on timetable amid the transformation. Correspondence is principal, the venture director needs to stay in touch with everybody who has been appointed obligations, and also keeping different partners, for example, staff, speculators or invested individuals educated. Utilize the help, advice and tool of experts There is the wealth of learning and innovation officially accessible for agriculturists wishing to change over to dairy. Cases incorporate proficient homestead mapping and ranch architects. Pro specialists, who have worked with other ranch changes, might have the capacity to do a considerable measure of your arranging and proposition for you. In any case, getting the correct proficient and administration is essential, the quality is recalled, long after the cost is overlooked. The time that a qualified and legitimate proficient can spare you, and the esteem they can include, in contrast with the cost of their administrations can make them a decent speculation. PRIORITIZATION AND RESOURCE LEVELING The Five Production Systems are an approach to group farm production frameworks by allocation of imported feed. As New Zealand peaceful farming is about profitably balancing feed supply and demand, five production frameworks have been depicted by DairyNZ basically on the basis of when imported feed is encouraged to dry or lactating cows during the season and furthermore by the measure of imported feed as well as off homestead grazing. The definitions do exclude touching or feed for youthful stock. Framework 1 All grass independent, all stock on the dairy platform No feed is imported. No supplement fed to the crowd with the exception of supplement gathered off the compelling milking area and get cows are not nibbled dry the successful milking region. Framework 2 Feed imported, either supplement or grazing off, fed to dry dairy cows Approx. 4 14% of aggregate feed is imported. Substantial variety in % as in high rainfall areas and cold atmospheres, for example, Southland, a large portion of the dairy cows are wintered off. Framework 3 Feed imported to extend lactation (regularly autumn feed) and for dry cows Approx. 10-20% of aggregate nourish is imported. Westland feed to extend lactation might be foreign made in spring as opposed to autumn. Framework 4 Feed imported and utilized at both ends of lactation and for dry dairy cows Approx. 20 30% of aggregate feed is imported onto the farm. Framework 5 Imported feed utilized all year, all through lactation and for dry dairy cows Approx. 25 40% (yet can be up to 55%) of aggregate feed is imported. *Note: Farms feeding 1-2kg of meal or grain per cow every day for the majority of the season will best fit in System 3. IMPACT OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION ON STRATEGY Wise use of Natural Resources New Zealand dairy agriculturists have contributed greatly to the preservation and utilization of New Zealands common habitat. Numerous beautiful parks, saves and recreational trails all through the nation have been created with dairy agriculturists help and as a result of their energy for preservation. Numerous dairy ranches have widely planted less profitable parts of their homesteads in local vegetation or potentially improved planting to ensure delicate conduits and wetlands. Like most New Zealanders, dairy ranchers are turning out to be progressively mindful of the total impacts of changes in arrive utilize. The obligation of person farmers and land-proprietors is to work proficiently and mindfully, in this way having the ideal ecological impression. Innovative Technologies NZ dairy farming is to a great extent in light of very effective broad peaceful brushing frameworks. This is an aggressive advantage, additionally a potential risk seeing that New Zealand is little on a worldwide scale. The considerably bigger dairy businesses of the northern half of the globe, which are normally based around housed frameworks, order far more prominent interest in regions, for example, hereditarily designed encourage products and dairy computerization to suit those frameworks. There is potential for troublesome advances in these advances to essentially change the playing field, and challenge New Zealand dairy cultivatings aggressiveness. This goal is gone for creating or catching new information to push out the limits of what is in fact achievable on homesteads, and making these advancements available to dairy ranchers. CONCLUSION The result recommend that great feed management of field, when contrasted and poor, can increment operating profit by $176/ha at a milk price of $3.65. As a general rule, most administrators will fall between these two classifications great and poor management- and field monitoring exercises will perpetually be affected via seasonal workload. Additionally, the quality of field mass evaluations will shift contingent upon how these are directed as well as the ability of the assessor. In any case, this review indicates that the expenses related with time and effort required for touching administration are little in examination with potential gains in operating profit. REFERENCES https://www.dairynz.co.nz/news/latest-news/the-financial-benefits-of-better-feed-allocation/ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/allocation-of-resources.html www.dcanz.com/about-the-nz-dairy-industry/ http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/efficiency and-costs.html

Free Essays - Catcher in the Rye Still Relevant Today :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Catcher in the Rye - Still Relevant to Today's Youth To begin, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is unique. The novel is written from the perspective of a teenager who lives in New York in the 1950's. From the context in the beginning and the end of the book, "I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy" (page 1), "I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and what school I'm supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I don't feel like it" (page 213), we can infer that Holden Caulfield, the aforementioned teenager, is in a mental hospital. However, he tells the story through flashback of a three-day period sometime before Christmas the year before. This is unusual because most novels cover much more time than three days. This is one reason why this novel is so unique. Although the novel is spread over only three days, we learn so much about the p rotagonist, and many other characters, because all Holden's thoughts and feelings, especially about other characters, during these three days is portrayed, nothing is left out. My favorite part of the book is probably Holden's interaction with and description of Ackley in Chapter 3. This is probably my favorite part of the book because I can relate to the protagonist in that I have to put up with my neighbor who fits the description of Ackley perfectly. Ackley is a rather nosy fellow who comes over through a window and without permission. He plays with all of Holden's possessions, and then puts them back in different locations. He cuts his nails all over Holden's room, stands in his reading light to talk to him, and he never brushes his teeth. I also enjoy not only this part, but also other descriptions of other characters, because the author has a totally unique way of describing people. "He was exactly the kind of a guy that wouldn't get out of your light when you asked him to" (page 21), "He was one of those guys that think they're being a pansy if they don't break around forty of your fingers when they shake hands with you" (page 87). Free Essays - Catcher in the Rye Still Relevant Today :: Catcher Rye Essays The Catcher in the Rye - Still Relevant to Today's Youth To begin, The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is unique. The novel is written from the perspective of a teenager who lives in New York in the 1950's. From the context in the beginning and the end of the book, "I'll just tell you about this madman stuff that happened to me around last Christmas just before I got pretty run-down and had to come out here and take it easy" (page 1), "I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and what school I'm supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I don't feel like it" (page 213), we can infer that Holden Caulfield, the aforementioned teenager, is in a mental hospital. However, he tells the story through flashback of a three-day period sometime before Christmas the year before. This is unusual because most novels cover much more time than three days. This is one reason why this novel is so unique. Although the novel is spread over only three days, we learn so much about the p rotagonist, and many other characters, because all Holden's thoughts and feelings, especially about other characters, during these three days is portrayed, nothing is left out. My favorite part of the book is probably Holden's interaction with and description of Ackley in Chapter 3. This is probably my favorite part of the book because I can relate to the protagonist in that I have to put up with my neighbor who fits the description of Ackley perfectly. Ackley is a rather nosy fellow who comes over through a window and without permission. He plays with all of Holden's possessions, and then puts them back in different locations. He cuts his nails all over Holden's room, stands in his reading light to talk to him, and he never brushes his teeth. I also enjoy not only this part, but also other descriptions of other characters, because the author has a totally unique way of describing people. "He was exactly the kind of a guy that wouldn't get out of your light when you asked him to" (page 21), "He was one of those guys that think they're being a pansy if they don't break around forty of your fingers when they shake hands with you" (page 87).